When XPS sandwich panels are used in underfloor heating systems, why is the maximum service temperature limited? How to quantify thermal creep behavior?
XPS has a softening point of 85–95°C. Underfloor heating[…]
Why do some transportation-sector sandwich panels require PET instead of PU? Explain from fatigue fracture mechanics.
PET is a thermoplastic material. Its fatigue crack growth[…]
In large roof sandwich panels, how to prevent wind uplift from causing facing-core delamination?
Wind uplift creates negative pressure at roof edges and[…]
When using PU foam for cold storage sandwich panels, why must the “thermal bridge” effect be considered in design?
A thermal bridge occurs when metal connectors or penetrations[…]
How can the foaming index (ISO index) of PU foam be controlled to optimize sandwich panel dimensional stability?
ISO index = (actual isocyanate used / theoretical amount[…]
How does the addition of flame retardants to fire-retardant PET foam affect the foaming process and mechanical properties?
The most common flame retardants are aluminum hypophosphite (AHP)[…]
Why are PVC foam sandwich panels prone to core crushing during vacuum bag molding?
Vacuum bag pressure is typically one atmosphere (about 0.1[…]
Can two different core materials (e.g., XPS and PU) be mixed to make functionally graded sandwich panels?
Yes – this is called a functionally graded foam core[…]
How to detect “debonding” defects between core and facings in sandwich panels?
The fastest non-destructive test is tap testing – using a special[…]
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