How to detect "debonding" defects between core and facings in sandwich panels?

The fastest non-destructive test is tap testing – using a special tapping hammer to scan the panel surface; debonded areas produce a hollow, dull sound distinctly different from the crisp sound of well-bonded areas. Higher precision methods: 1) Infrared thermography – briefly heat the panel surface (flash lamp or hot air); debonded areas show as hot spots due to slower heat diffusion; 2) Ultrasonic C-scan – images show amplitude differences of reflected waves at the bond interface, detecting defects >10mm in diameter; 3) Shearography – applying vacuum loading reveals abnormal displacement fringes at debonded areas. On production lines, the most common method is roller-type tap testing with machine learning for automatic judgment.

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How to detect “debonding” defects between core and facings in sandwich panels?

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